Perancangan Sistem Backwash Otomatis pada Filter Air Berbasis Kendali Logika Fuzzy
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Abstract
Kualitas air permukaan terus menurun akibat meningkatnya polutan antropogenik, sehingga diperlukan sistem filtrasi yang andal dan efisien. Sistem filtrasi granular umumnya mengalami penurunan kinerja akibat akumulasi padatan yang memicu peningkatan tekanan diferensial (head loss), sehingga proses backwash menjadi kebutuhan operasional yang penting. Namun, backwash manual sering kali tidak optimal dan boros air, serta tidak adaptif terhadap perubahan kondisi hidrolik seperti fluktuasi tekanan inlet. Penelitian ini merancang sistem filter air granular berbahan PVC berdiameter 4 inci dengan mekanisme backwash otomatis berbasis tekanan diferensial (ΔP) dan debit aliran (Q). Untuk mengatasi fluktuasi tekanan inlet, diterapkan metode normalisasi ΔP dan Q sehingga menghasilkan parameter operasi yang lebih stabil dan reliabel. Keputusan volume air backwash ditentukan melalui kendali logika fuzzy dengan input crisp tekanan dan debit, sehingga sistem mampu beradaptasi terhadap kondisi operasional aktual. Sistem menggunakan dua sensor tekanan Gravity SEN0257 dan satu sensor debit YF-S201, masing-masing dengan error rata-rata 1,43% dan 0,92% untuk tekanan serta 1,22% untuk debit. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa normalisasi menurunkan variabilitas ΔP dan Q secara signifikan, menjadikan ΔPnorm dan terutama Qnorm lebih representatif dalam mendeteksi fouling. Secara keseluruhan, sistem berhasil mendeteksi kondisi filter kotor dengan tingkat keberhasilan 84,62%, dan perhitungan volume backwash berbasis fuzzy menunjukkan error hanya 0,04% dibandingkan metode manual. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa sistem backwash otomatis yang diusulkan efektif, adaptif, dan lebih efisien dalam penggunaan air.
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