Performance Evaluation of the LoRa E220-900T30D for Wind Turbine Monitoring Systems: RSSI Measurements, Propagation Model Analysis, and Compliance with Indonesian Communication Regulations
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Abstract
Wind turbines require reliable real-time monitoring systems to ensure performance and operational safety. LoRa-based IoT technology is selected due to its long-range capability and low power consumption. This study evaluates the performance of the LoRa E220-900T30D module for wind turbine monitoring in Bangkalan by measuring RSSI at distances from 10 to 2600 m and comparing the results with the Free-Space, Two-Ray, and Okumura-Hata propagation models. The findings show that the Okumura-Hata model best matches the field conditions and is used to predict communication coverage up to 10 km. With the transmit power limited by Indonesian regulations (100 mW) and LoRa sensitivity (–124 dBm), the maximum communication distance is approximately 6.8 km. The range can be extended to about 9.5 km by increasing the Spreading Factor, though at the cost of reduced data rate. This study demonstrates the feasibility of LoRa for wind turbine monitoring in rural environments through optimized device configuration
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How to Cite
Kurniawati, I., Akbar, R., Utomo, R., & Salsabila, M. (2026). Performance Evaluation of the LoRa E220-900T30D for Wind Turbine Monitoring Systems: RSSI Measurements, Propagation Model Analysis, and Compliance with Indonesian Communication Regulations. Journal of Telecommunication Electronics and Control Engineering (JTECE), 8(2), 147-157. https://doi.org/10.20895/jtece.v8i2.2084
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References
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[2] H. Gu, W. Liu, Q. Gao, and Y. Zhang, “A review on wind turbines gearbox fault diagnosis methods,” Journal of Vibroengineering, vol. 23, no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.21595/jve.2020.20178.
[3] I. Kurniawati, E. Mahardika, and I. C. Septiawan, “The Preparations for Designing the LoRa LPWAN Based on the Regulations,” in 2020 IEEE International Conference on Communication, Networks and Satellite, Comnetsat 2020 - Proceedings, 2020. doi: 10.1109/Comnetsat50391.2020.9328950.
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[5] I. Anisah, Wirawan, Suwadi, and M. Yuliana, “Experimental Results of LoRa Network Radio Propagation Modeling in Campus Area,” in 6th International Seminar on Research of Information Technology and Intelligent Systems, ISRITI 2023 - Proceeding, 2023. doi: 10.1109/ISRITI60336.2023.10467989.
[6] C. Gonzalez, S. Gibeaux, D. Ponte, A. Espinosa, J. Pitti, and F. Nolot, “An Exploration of LoRa Network in Tropical Farming Environment,” in 2022 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Computer Communication and Artificial Intelligence, CCAI 2022, 2022. doi: 10.1109/CCAI55564.2022.9807765.
[7] K. D. Irianto, “Performance Evaluation of LoRa in Farm Irrigation System with Internet of Things,” Kinetik: Game Technology, Information System, Computer Network, Computing, Electronics, and Control, 2022, doi: 10.22219/kinetik.v7i4.1551.
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[10] R. Pandit and J. Wang, “A comprehensive review on enhancing wind turbine applications with advanced SCADA data analytics and practical insights,” 2024. doi: 10.1049/rpg2.12920.
[11] M. E. Chakole, S. Dongre, A. Motghare, A. Harale, S. Sharma, and S. P. Mahajan, “ZIGBEE based Wireless SCADA System,” in 7th International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics, ICOEI 2023 - Proceedings, 2023. doi: 10.1109/ICOEI56765.2023.10125965.
[12] M. A. Ahmed and Y. C. Kim, “Hybrid communication network architectures for monitoring large-scale wind turbine,” Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology, vol. 8, no. 6, 2013, doi: 10.5370/JEET.2013.8.6.1626.
[13] C. Li et al., “Design and Implementation of an Emergency Environmental Monitoring System,” Electronics (Switzerland), vol. 14, no. 2, 2025, doi: 10.3390/electronics14020287.
[14] W. Wu, W. Wang, B. Wang, and R. Song, “Throughput of distributed queueing-based LoRa for long-distance communication,” EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process., vol. 2021, no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.1186/s13634-021-00739-1.
[15] I. Kurniawati, R. Akbar, and R. B. Astomo, “Characteristics of UHF Propagation Channels Due to the Impact of Vegetation on WSN in The Tropical Forests,” Journal of Telecommunication Electronics and Control Engineering (JTECE), vol. 7, no. 1, 2025, doi: 10.20895/jtece.v7i1.1494.
[16] S. I. Orakwue and H. M. R. Al-Khafaji, “Analysis of Different Path Loss Propagation Models Based on 4G Walk Test Data,” Journal of Information Technology Management, vol. 14, no. 3, 2022, doi: 10.22059/jitm.2022.87262.
[17] Q. Guo, F. Yang, and J. Wei, “Experimental evaluation of the packet reception performance of LoRa,” Sensors (Switzerland), vol. 21, no. 4, 2021, doi: 10.3390/s21041071.
[18] A. Akinbolati and M. O. Ajewole, “Investigation of path loss and modeling for digital terrestrial television over Nigeria,” Heliyon, vol. 6, no. 6, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04101.
[19] M. K. Samimi, T. S. Rappaport, and G. R. Maccartney, “Probabilistic Omnidirectional Path Loss Models for Millimeter-Wave Outdoor Communications,” IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, vol. 4, no. 4, 2015, doi: 10.1109/LWC.2015.2417559.
[20] N. F. Abdullah, H. A. H. Alobaidy, and R. Nordin, “Wireless Airborne IoT Network for Rural Water Quality Monitoring,” in 2022 IEEE 20th Student Conference on Research and Development, SCOReD 2022, 2022. doi: 10.1109/SCOReD57082.2022.9974083.
[21] N. M. Obiri and H. Shikunzi, “Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRa-WAN) Connectivity and Range Evaluation in a Rural Setting,” Int. J. Comput. Appl., vol. 185, no. 3, 2023, doi: 10.5120/ijca2023922699.
[22] P. Hawelayuda and D. A. Wagyana, “Perancangan Sistem Monitoring Kelembaban Tanah dan Penyiraman Otomatis Berbasis Wireless Sensor Network Dengan LoRa,” Sniv: Seminar Nasional Inovasi Vokasi, vol. 3, no. 1, 2024.
[23] B. B. Rijadi, Agustini Rodiah M, and Muhammad Fadilah R, “Pemanfaatan Teknologi Long Range Gateway Untuk Sistem Monitoring Kualitas Udara Pasca Letusan Gunung Berapi,” Seminar Nasional Teknik Elektro, vol. 4, no. 1, 2025, doi: 10.46962/snte.25.068.
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[27] T. Jawhly and R. Chandra Tiwari, “Loss Exponent Modeling for the Hilly Forested Region in the VHF Band III,” Radio Sci., vol. 56, no. 8, 2021, doi: 10.1029/2020RS007201.
[28] F. J. Alvarado-Alcon, R. Asorey-Cacheda, A. J. Garcia-Sanchez, and J. Garcia-Haro, “Carbon footprint optimization of a LoRa-based multi-hop Industrial Internet of Things network deployment,” Comput. Ind., vol. 172, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.compind.2025.104348.
[29] L. M. R. Pires, “Importance of the effects of spreading factor interference in collisions LoRa radio interface,” Brazilian Journal of Development, vol. 9, no. 05, 2023, doi: 10.34117/bjdv9n5-275.
[30] F. H. C. D. S. Filho et al., “Performance of lorawan for handling telemetry and alarm messages in industrial applications,” Sensors (Switzerland), vol. 20, no. 11, 2020, doi: 10.3390/s20113061.